-
General Properties of Registered and Experimental Fungicides Used on Deciduous Tree Fruit, Nut, Citrus, Strawberry, and Vine Crops in the United States (sorted by FRAC Code)‡
Single active ingredient
Trade name
Class (FRAC number)1
Systemic action
Mode of action
Resistance potential
copper9
various
Inorganic (M1)
No
multi-site
low
sulfur
various
Inorganic (M2)
No
multi-site
low
mancozeb
Dithane, Manzate, Penncozeb
Carbamate (EBDC)2 (M3)
No
multi-site
low
ferbam**
Ferbam
Carbamate (DMDC)3 (M3)
No
multi-site
low
thiram
Thiram
Carbamate (DMDC)3 (M3)
No
multi-site
low
ziram
Ziram
Carbamate (DMDC)3 (M3)
No
multi-site
low
captan
Captan
Phthalimide (M4)
No
multi-site
low
chlorothalonil
Bravo,Chorothalonil, Echo,Equus
Chloronitrile (M5)
No
multi-site
low
thiabendazole
Mertect
MBC (1)
Yes
single-site
very high4
thiophanate-methyl
Topsin-M,T-Methyl, Incognito,Cercobin
MBC (1)
Yes
single-site
very high4
iprodione
Rovral,Iprodione, Nevado
Dicarboximide (2)
Yes
single-site?
medium
difenoconazole
Inspire,Laguna
DMI5-triazole (3)
Yes?
single-site
high
fenarimol
Rubigan,Vintage
DMI-pyrimidine (3)
Yes?
single-site
high
fenbuconazole
Indar,Enable
DMI-triazole (3)
Yes?
single-site
high
flutriafol
Rhyme
DMI-triazole (3)
Yes?
single-site
high
metconazole
Quash
DMI-triazole (3)
Yes?
single-site
high
myclobutanil
Rally,Laredo
DMI-triazole (3)
Yes?
single-site
high
propiconazole
Tilt,Bumper,Mentor, Propimax,Propicure, Propiconazole
DMI-triazole (3)
Yes?
single-site
high
tebuconazole
Orius,Tebucon, Toledo,Teb, Miresa, (Elite,Tebuzol)
DMI-triazole (3)
Yes?
single-site
high
tetraconazole
Mettle,Perissim
DMI-triazole (3)
Yes?
single-site
high
triadimefon
Bayleton
DMI-triazole (3)
Yes?
single-site
high
triforine
Funginex
DMI-piperazine (3)
Yes?
single-site
high
triflumizole
Procure,Viticure
DMI-imidazole (3)
Yes?
single-site
high
mefentrifluconazole
Cevya
DMI-triazole (3)
Yes?
single-site
high
mefenoxam,
Ridomil Gold, Mefenoxam
Phenylamide (4)
Yes
single-site
high4
metalaxyl
Metalaxyl
Phenylamide (4)
Yes
single-site
high4
benzovindiflupyr
Aprovia
SDHI (7)
No
single-site
high4
boscalid
Endura
SDHI6 (7)
No
single-site
high4
inpyrifluxam
Excalia
SDHI (7)
No
single-site
high4
isofetamid
Kenja
SDHI (7)
No
single-site
high4
fluindapyr
----
SDHI (7)
No
single-site
high4
fluopyram
Luna Privilege, Velum One
SDHI (7)
No
single-site
high4
fluxapyroxad
Xemium,Sercadis
SDHI (7)
No
single-site
high4
penthiopyrad
Fontelis
SDHI (7)
No single-site
high4
pydiflumetofen
Adepidyn,check
SDHI (7)
No
single-site
high4
cyprodinil
Vangard
AP7 (9)
Slight
single-site
high4
pyrimethanil
Scala,Penbotec
AP (9)
Slight
single-site
high4
azoxystrobin
Abound
QoI8 (11)
Yes?
single-site
high4
kresoxim-methyl
Sovran
QoI (11)
Yes?
single-site
high4
mandestrobin
Intuity
QoI (11)
Yes?
single-site
high4
picoxystrobin
Aproach
QoI (11)
Yes?
single-site
high4
pyraclostrobin
Cabrio,Headline
QoI (11)
Yes?
single-site
high4
trifloxystrobin
Flint Extra
QoI (11)
Yes?
single-site
high4
fludioxonil
Scholar,Cannonball
Phenylpyrrole (12)
No
few (multi-site)
medium
quinoxyfen
Quintec
Quinoline (13)
No
single-site
medium
dicloran
Botran/Allisan
Aromatic hydrocarbon (14)
Slight
single-site
medium
fenhexamid
Elevate
Hydroxyanilide (17)
No
single-site
high4
fenpyrazamine
Protexio
Hydroxyanilide (17)
No
single-site
high4
polyoxin-D
Ph-D,Endorse,Oso
chitin synthesis inhibitor (19)
No
single-site
medium
cyazofamid
Ranman
QiI (21)
No
single-site
high4
fluazinam
Omega,Lektivar
Dinitro-aniline (29)
No
single-site
low
potassium phosphite, phosphorous acid
Fungi-Phite,
ProphytPhosphorous acid and salts (P07,33)
Yes
unknown (multi-site?)
medium
polyphosphite
K-Phite
Polyphosphite (P07,33)
Yes
unknown
low
fosetyl-Al
Aliette,Linebacker, Legion
Ethyl phosphonates (P07,33)
Yes
unknown
low
mandipropamid
Revus
Cell wall synthesis inhibitor (40)
Yes?
single-site
high
fluopicolide
Presidio
Benzamide (43)
Yes?
single-site
high
natamycin
BioSpectra/Zivion S
Polyene-ergosterol binding (48)
No
single-site
low
oxathiapiprolin
Orondis
Oxysterol binding proteins (OSBPI) (49)
Yes
single-site
high
fluoxapiprolin
To be annouced
OSBPI (49)
Yes
sngle-site
high
pyriofenone
Prolivo
Actin disrupter (50)
No
single-site
high
metrafenone
Vivando
Actin disrupter (50)
No
single-site
high?
dodine
Syllit
Guanidine (U12)
Yes
unknown
medium
flutianil
Gatten
Thiazolidine (U13)
No
unknown
high?
** Not registered, label withdrawn or inactive in California.
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General Properties of Registered and Experimental Fungicides Used on Deciduous Tree Fruit, Nut, Citrus, Strawberry, and Vine Crops in the United States (sorted by FRAC code)‡, Continued
Multiple active ingredients (Premixtures)
Trade name
Class (FRAC number) 1
Systemic action
Mode of action
Resistance potential
captan/fenhexamid
CaptEvate
Phthalimide (M4)/
hydroxyanilide (17)
No
multi-site/single-site
medium
chlorothalonil/ tebuconazole
Catamaran
chloronitrile (M5)/ DMI-triazole (3)
Yes?
multi-site/single-site
low
thiophanate methyl/ propiconazole
Protocol
MBC (1)/DMI-triazole (3)
Yes?
single-site/
single-site
medium
difenoconazole/ benzovindiflupyr
Aprovia Top
DMI (3)/SDHI (7)
Yes?
single-site/
single-site
medium
difenoconazole/ pydiflumetofen
Miravis Duo
DMI-triazole (3)/ SDHI (7)
Yes?
single-site/
single-site
medium
fluopyram/
tebuconazole
Luna Experience
DMI-triazole (3)/ SDHI (7)
Yes?
single-site/
single-site
medium
flutriafol/
fluindapyr
Pending
DMI-triazole (3)/ SDHI (7)
Yes?
single-site/
single-site
medium
isofetamid/
tebuconazole
Fervent
DMI-triazole (3)/ SDHI (7)
Yes?
single-site/
single-site
medium
fluxapyroxad/
mefentrifluconazole
Mibelya (pending) (formerly 752)
DMI-triazole (3)/SDHI (7)
Yes?
single-site/
single-site
medium
difenoconazole/
cyprodinil
Inspire Super
DMI-triazole (3)/ AP (9)
Yes?
single-site/
single-site
medium
difenoconazole/ azoxystrobin
Quadris Top
DMI-triazole (3) /QoI (11)
Yes?
single-site /
single-site
medium
propiconazole/ azoxystrobin
Quilt Xcel
DMI-triazole (3) /QoI (11)
Yes?
single-site /
single-site
medium
tebuconazole /trifloxystrobin
Adament
DMI-triazole (3) /QoI (11)
Yes?
single-site /
single-site
medium
tebuconazole / azoxystrobin
Custodia
DMI-triazole (3) / QoI (11)
Yes?
single-site/
single-site
medium
pydiflumetofen/ fludioxonil
Miravis Prime
SDHI (7)/ Phenylpyrrole (12)
Yes?
single-site /
single-site
medium
tebuconazole/
phosphite
Viathon
DMI-triazole (3) /phosphonate (P07,33)
Yes?
single-site
multi-site?
medium
difenoconazole/ tea tree oil
Regev
DMI-triazole (3) / tea tree oil (46)
Yes?
single-site
multisite
medium
fluopyram/pyri-methanil
Luna Tranquility
SDHI (7)/AP (9)
Yes?
single-site/
single-site
high
fluopyram/ trifloxystrobin
Luna Sensation
SDHI (7)/QoI (11)
Yes?
single-site/
single-site
high
pyraclostrobin /
fluxapyroxad
Merivon, Priaxor
SDHI (7)/QoI (11)
Yes?
single-site /
single-site
high
pyraclostrobin /
boscalid
Pristine
SDHI (7)/QoI (11)
Yes?
single-site /
single-site
high
cyprodinil/ fludioxoni
Switch
AP (9) / Phenylpyrrole (12)
No/
Slight
single-site/
single-site
medium
‡ Some of the active ingredients or products listed in this table may not be registered as pesticides or may have had their registration withdrawn. Check with your state pesticide regulatory agency to verify that applications are made in accordance with state and federal laws and regulations.
? = Unsure or lacking scientific evidence. For fungicides, a question mark indicates general acceptance of systemic action based on performance data, but this characteristic may not have been proven experimentally using more rigorous assays (e.g., radioactively labeled compounds).
1 Code numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions (for more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different Code number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with mode-of-action Code numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action Code number; for fungicides with other Code numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action Code number.
2 EBDC = ethylene bisdithiocarbamate.
3 DMDC = dimethyl dithiocarbamate.
4 Resistance has been found in California for certain fungicides with a single-site mode of action. To reduce the risk of resistance development, take the mode of action into account when choosing a fungicide. At the beginning of a treatment program, use a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; for subsequent applications rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers. Use labeled rates (preferably the upper range) of the single-site fungicides, and limit the total number of applications per season.
5 DMI = demethylation (sterol) inhibitor
6 SDHI = Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor
7 AP = Anilinopyrimidine
8 QoI = quinone outside inhibitor (strobilurin).
9Fixed copper (M1a) bactericides (e.g., Kocide, Badge, Nordox, and ChampION++) may cause phytotoxicity (russetting) when applied after full bloom. Other copper products (M1b) with lower metallic copper equivalent (i.e., MCE) such as copper complexes (e.g., Cueva, Copper Count-N, etc.) and copper sulfate pentahydrate (e.g., CS-2005, Phyton 27AG, etc.) have been reported to be less phytotoxic with applications following bloom because of lower MCE (see specific registrant label concerning product rates and number of times each material can be applied during the growing season).
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General Properties of Registered and Experimental Antibiotics, Biologicals, Oils, Salts, and Natural Products Used on Deciduous Tree Fruit, Nut, Citrus, Strawberry, and Vine Crops in the United States (sorted alphabetically)‡
Active Ingredient
Trade name
Class
Systemic action
FRAC number1, Mode of action
Resistance potential
acibenzolar-S-methyl
Actigard
SAR
Yes
P 01
unknown
agriphages
AgriPhage-Fireblight
biological -bacteriophages
No
BM 02, parasites
low
Ampelomyces quisqualis
AQ-10
biological-fungus
No
BM 02
low
Aureobasidium pullulans
Botector
biological-fungus
No
BM 02
low
Aureobasidium pullulans DSM14940/14941 (used with Buffer Protect)
Blossom Protect
biological-fungus
No
BM 02
low
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D747
Double Nickel 55
biological-bacteria
No
BM 02
low
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
MBI 600
Serifel
biological-bacteria
No
BM 02
low
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB24
Taegro
biological-bacteria
No
BM 02
low
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Stargus
biological-bacteria
No
BM 02
low
Bacillus pumilis QST 2808
Sonata
biological-bacteria
No
BM 02
low
Bacillus subtilis QST 713
Serenade
biological-bacteria
No
BM 02
low
Bacillus subtilis IAB/BS03
Aviv
biological-bacteria
No
BM 02
low
Bacillus mycoides isolate J
LifeGard
Biological SAR
No
BM 02
low
blend of fruit acids, flavonoids, chelators, & wetting agents
Citrox BC
plant extract
No
BM 01
low
boric acid and latex paint
B-lock
inorganic salt
No
NC
low
calcium metalosate
Metalosate Calcium
inorganic salt
No
BM 01
low
capric and caprylic acids
Dart
organic acids
No
BM 01
low
cinnamaldehyde
Cinnacure
natural product
No
BM 01
low
cinnamaldehyde
Valero
natural product
No
BM 01
low
cinnamon oil + potassium oleate
Cinnerate
natural product
No
BM 01
low
clove, rosemary, peppermint oils
EF-400
natural plant oils
No
BM 01, membrane disruption
low
Colonostachys rosea CR-7
BVT-CR-7
biological-fungal
No
BM 02
low
essential oils
BacStop
natural plant oils
No
BM 01
low
essential oils
Vitiseal
natural plant oils
No
BM 01
low
essential oils
Mevalone
natural plant oils
No
BM 01
low
cinnamon oil and garlic
Gargoil
oil
No
BM 01
low
GABA/L-glutamic acid
Auxigro
SAR2-protein
Yes
BM 01, host resistance
unknown
glucosamine protein
Elexa
SAR2-protein
Yes
BM 01, host resistance
unknown
harpin
Messenger, Employ
SAR2-protein
Yes
P unspecified,
host resistance
unknown
hydrogen dioxide in acetic acid (peroxyacetic acid)
OxiDate, StorOx, Perasan
oxidizer
No
oxidation
very low
Kasugamycin
Kasumin
antibiotic
Yes
24, protein synthesis
high
low range oil
Omni Supreme
oil
No
various
low
low range oil
Purespray
oil
No
various
low
Lupinus albus
ProBLAD Plus/
Fracture
natural product
Yes
BM 01
low
mineral oil
JMS Stylet oil
oil
No
various
low
Muscodor albus
Arabesque
biological
No
BM 02
low
natural oil
Timorex (Act, Gold)
tea tree oil
No
BM 01
low
natural oil blend
Sporatec
oil
No
BM 01
low
neem oil
Trilogy, Terraneem, Rango
natural oil
No
BM 01
low
orange oil
Vintre
natural plant oil
No
BM 01
low
oxytetracycline
Mycoshield, FireLine
antibiotic
No
41, protein synthesis
high
Pantoea agglomerans E/325
Bloomtime Biological FD
biological-bacteria
No
BM 02
low
petroleum oil
oil
No
various
low
pinolene
Vapor Gard, NuFilm-P, -17
terpenic polymer
No
film-forming
low
plant host defense activator
ProAlexin
plant extract
Yes
BM 01, bioflavonoid stimulator
low
plant oils (clove, rosemary, thyme, tea tree)
Aleo, BacStop, EF-400, Gargoil, Sporan, Thymox, Vitiseal, Timorex (Act, Gold)
natural plant oils
No
BM 01
low
polyoxin-D zinc salt
Oso
fermentation product
No
19
medium
potassium bicarbonate
Armicarb, Kaligreen, Milstop
inorganic salt
No
NC
low
potassium metalosate
Metalosate Potassium
inorganic salt
No
NC
low
potassium salts of fatty acids
M-Pede
inorganic salt
No
NC
low
potassium sorbate/
sodium lauryl sulfate
All Phase
inorganic salt
No
NC
low
prohexadione calcium
Apogee
plant growth regulator
Yes
PGR-inhibitor
low
Pseudomonas chlororaphis AFS009
Howler
biological-bacteria
No
BM 02
low
Pseudomonas fluorescens
BlightBan
biological-bacteria
No
BM 02
low
Quillaja saponaria
Quiponin
natural product
No
BM 01
low
Reynoutria sachalinensis
Regalia
natural product
No
BM 01, P 05
low
sanitizers3 (Oxidate, etc.)
various
oxidizer
No
oxidizer
low
sodium tetraborohydrate
Prev-am
inorganic salt
No
NC
low
Streptomyces lydicus
Actinovate AG
biological-bacteria
No
BM 02
low
streptomycin
AgriMycin, FireWall, Ag Streptomycin
antibiotic
Yes
25, protein synthesis
high
Swinglea glutinosa
EcoSwing
natural product
No
BM 01
low
Trichoderma harzianum
Plant Shield
biological-fungus
No
BM 02
low
Ulocladium oudemansii
Botry-Zen
biological-fungus
No
BM 02
low
yeast extract
KeyPlex 350 DP
SAR2-protein
Yes
BM 01, P 06
unknown
‡ Some of the active ingredients or products listed in this table may not be registered as pesticides or may have had their registration withdrawn. Check with your state pesticide regulatory agency to verify that applications are made in accordance with state and federal laws and regulations.
1 Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) Code (FC) numbers are assigned by the according to different modes of actions (for more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different Code number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with mode-of-action Code numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action Code number; for fungicides with other Code numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode-of-action Code number.
2 SAR = Systemic acquired resistance induced in host
3Sanitizers such peroxyacetic acid (e.g., Oxidate, Zerotol, Perasan A) are oxidizers that act immediately on contact. They are neutralized rapidly by reducing agents and are non-persistent.
-
Disease and Pathogen Names
Disease
Pathogen(s)
Host(s)
Alternaria late blight
Alternaria alternata and A. arborescens1
pistachio
Alternaria leaf spot
Alternaria alternata and A. arborescens1
almond
Alternaria fruit rot
Alternaria alternata and A. arborescens1
pome and stone fruits, citrus, pomegranate
Angular leaf spot
Xanthomonas fragariae (bacterium)
strawberry
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum acutatum
almond, peach, strawberry
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. karsti
citrus
Anthracnose
Marssonia leptostyla
walnut
Bacterial blast
Pseudomonas syringae pathovars (bacterium)
Prunus spp. including almond, cherry, peach, etc.
Bacterial canker
Pseudomonas syringae pathovars (bacterium)
Prunus spp. including almond, cherry, peach, etc.
Bacterial spot
Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (bacterium)
Prunus spp. including almond, cherry, peach, etc.
Band canker
Botryosphaeria dothidea (Fusicoccum sp.)2
almond
Botrytis decay (fruit rot) /Gray mold
Botrytis cinerea
strawberry, stone and pome fruit, kiwifruit, pomegranate
Black foot
Cylindrocarpon destructans/C. liriodendron
grapevine
Black root rot complex
Cylindrocarpon destructans, Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia spp.
strawberry
Bot canker, Botryosphaeria canker
Botryosphaeria spp. (Fusicoccum sp. and Neofusicoccum sp.)2
grapevine, pomegranate, walnut
Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight
Botryosphaeria dothidea (Fusicoccum sp. and Neofusicoccum sp.)2
pistachio
Botrytis blossom blight
Botrytis cinerea
cherry
Botrytis blossom and shoot blight
Botrytis cinerea
pistachio
Brown rot
Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa
almond and other stone fruits
Brown spot
Cladosporium cladosporioides
grape fruit rot
Bunch rot
Botrytis cinerea
grapevine
Cankers (Eutypa, Cytospora, and Calosphaeria cankers)
Eutypa lata, Leucostroma persoonii, Calosphaeria pulchella
cherry
Common leaf spot
Ramularia tulasnii
strawberry
Crown rot
Phytophthora spp.
strawberry
Dead arm
Eutypa lata and Phomopsis (Cyrtosporella) viticola (see Bot canker and Phomopisis dieback)
grapevine
Downy mildew
Plasmopora viticola
grapevine
Esca (Black measles)
Togninia spp. (Phaeoacremonium spp.), Phaeomoniella chlamydospora
grapevine
Eutypa dieback
Eutypa lata
apricot, grapevine, cherry, almond, apple, blueberry
Fire blight
Erwinia amylovora (bacterium)
pome fruit (apple, pear, quince, etc.)
Gray mold
Botrytis cinerea
strawberry, stone and pome fruit, kiwifruit, pomegranate
Greasy spot
Mycosphaerella citri
citrus
Internal (Heart) fruit rot
Aspergillus niger or Alternaria sp.
pomegranate
Jacket rot/Green fruit rot
Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa
Monilinia fructicola, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
all stone fruits
Leaf blight
Seimatosporium lichenicola
almond
Leaf spot
Blumeriella jaapii
cherry
Leaf curl
Taphrina deformans
peach, nectarine
Leather rot
Phytophthora cactorum
strawberry
Mucor rot
Mucor piriformis and other species
pome and stone fruit; strawberry
Neofabraea leaf and shoot spot
Neofabraea kienholzii
and Phlyctema vagabunda
olive
Olive knot
Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi
olive
Olive leaf spot (Peacock spot)
Venturia oleaginea (syn. Fusicladium oleagineum, Spilocea oleaginea)
olive
Phomopsis blight
Diaporthe spp. (Phomopsis spp.)
pistachio
Phomopsis cane and leafspot and Phompsis dieback (canker phase)
Diaporthe spp. (Phomopsis viticola, Phomopsis spp.)
grapevine
Phomopsis fruit rot and dieback
Phomopsis amygdali
almond
Phytophthora brown rot
Phytophthora citrophthora, P. syringae, P. hibernalis, P. parasitica (P. nicotianae)
citrus
Phytophthora root rot -citrus
Phytophthora citrophthora, P. parasitica (P. nicotianae), P. syringae
citrus
- deciduous trees
Phytophthora spp.
pome and stone fruit crops including almond; pistachio, grapevine, strawberry, and walnut
Powdery mildew
Erysiphe (=Uncinula) necator Podosphaera leucotricha
Podosphaera clandestina
Podosphaera tridactyla
Podosphaera (=Sphaerotheca) macularis
Podosphaera (=Sphaerotheca) pannosagrapevine
almond, apple, peach, nectarine
cherry
apricot, cherry, plum, prune, peach
strawberry
apricot, peach, nectarine, plum
Red stele
Phytophthora fragariae
strawberry
Rhizopus rot
Rhizopus spp.
strawberry
Rind disorder
Abiotic disorder
citrus
Russet scab
Abiotic (rain during bloom)
prune
Rust
Tranzschelia discolor
almond, nectarine, peach, prune, plum
Scab, almond, peach
Venturia carpolphila (syn. Fusicladium carpophilum, Cladosporium carpophilum)
almond, nectarine, peach
Scab, apple
Venturia inaequalis
apple
Scab, pear
Venturia pirina
pear
Sclerotinia blight
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
almond, apricot, nectarine, peach, prune, pistachio
Septoria spot
Septoria citri
citrus
Shot hole
Wilsonomyces carpophilus
almond, apricot, peach, nectarine
Silver leaf
Chondrostereum purpureum
pome and stone fruit, including almond
Summer rot (sour rot of grape)
Aspergillus carbonarius, A. niger, Alternaria tenuis, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium herbarum, Rhizopus arrhizus, Penicillium sp., and others
grapevine
Walnut blight
Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (bacterium)
walnut
Wood canker complex
Botryosphaeria spp., Neofusicoccum spp., Eutypa lata, Phomopsis spp., Phaeoacremonium parasiticum
grapevines, tree nuts
Wood decay complex
Fungi in the Basidiomycota causing brown (Laetiporus spp.) and white wood rots (Ganoderma, Perenniporia, Phellinus, Oxyporus spp.)
grapevines, tree crops
1 These species are members of the taxonomic Section Alternaria (e.g., A. arboricola, A. alternata)and are the most prevalent in diseases of almond and pistachio. Other closely related species of Alternaria, however, may also be involved.
2 Other species of Botryosphaeria and their anamorphs have been recently identified in addition to B. dothidea.