PISTACHIO: FUNGICIDE EFFICACY - CONVENTIONAL, BIOCONTROLS, AND NATURAL PRODUCTS
|
Fungicide |
Resistance risk (FRAC#)1 |
Alternaria late blight |
Botrytis blossom & shoot blight |
Botryosphaeria panicle & shoot blight |
|
Fontelis |
high (7) |
5 |
5 |
4/5 |
|
Luna Experience |
medium (3/7) |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
Luna Sensation |
medium (7/11)3 |
54 |
5 |
5 |
|
Merivon |
high (7/11) |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
Miravis Duo |
medium (3/7) |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
Miravis Prime |
medium (7/12) |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
Pristine |
high (7/11)3 |
54 |
5 |
5 |
|
Cevya |
high (3) |
5 |
ND |
55 |
|
Quash |
high (3) |
5 |
4 |
45 |
|
Adament |
medium (3/11)3 |
5 |
3 |
4/5 |
|
Quilt Xcel, Avaris 2XS, |
medium (3/11)3 |
5 |
0 |
4/5 |
|
Viathon |
medium (3/33, P07) |
5 |
2 |
55 |
|
Abound |
high (11)2,3 |
4 |
0 |
4 |
|
Cabrio |
high (11)2,3 |
4 |
0 |
4 |
|
Flint Extra |
high (11)2,3 |
4 |
0 |
4 |
|
Ph-D |
medium (19) |
4 |
5 |
4 |
|
Quadris Top |
medium (3/11)3 |
4 |
0 |
4/5 |
|
Switch |
high (9/12)3 |
4 |
4 |
3 |
|
Tebucon, Teb, Toledo, Tebuconazole |
high (3) |
4 |
2 |
45 |
|
Vangard |
high (9)3 |
4 |
5 |
0 |
|
Bravo, Chlorothalonil, Echo |
low (M5) |
3 |
0 |
3 |
|
Bumper,Tilt |
high (3) |
3 |
2 |
35 |
|
Scala |
high (9)3 |
3 |
4 |
46 |
|
Inspire Super |
medium (3/9) |
3 |
4 |
4/5 |
|
Topsin-M, T-Methyl, Incognito, Cercobin7 |
high (1) |
0 |
3 |
3 |
|
Elevate |
high (17)3 |
ND |
5 |
ND |
|
K-Phite |
low (33) |
ND |
ND |
4/5 |
|
Organic treatments |
|
|
|
|
|
Actinovate |
low (BM 02) |
3 |
5 |
4 |
|
Regalia |
low (BM 01) |
3 |
0 |
3/48,9 |
|
Copper |
low (M1) |
2 |
0 |
0 |
|
Liquid lime sulfur8 |
low (M2) |
0 |
0 |
Dormant 1, Delayed Dormant 2 |
Rating: 5 = excellent and consistent, 4 = good and reliable, 3 = moderate and variable, 2 = limited and/or erratic, 1 = minimal and often ineffective, 0 = ineffective, NL = not on label, and ND = no data.
* Registration pending in California.
**Not registered, label withdrawn or inactive in California
1 Code numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions (for more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different Code number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with mode-of-actions (MOA) with high resistance risk before rotating to a fungicide with a different MOA (Code number); for other fungicides, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different MOA (Code number).
2 Field resistance of Alternaria spp. to Abound and to other strobilurin fungicides (Flint Extra and Cabrio) is widespread in pistachio orchards.
3 To reduce the risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number of applications per season.
4 Resistance to the SDHI (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor) boscalid has been detected in high levels (80-90%) in some orchards; Pristine should not be applied if resistance to this fungicide is detected in an orchard. Cross-resistance of SDHI fungicides (FRAC Code 7) may occur.
5 Do not apply Bumper/Tilt within 60 days of harvest, Quash within 25 days of harvest, or tebuconazole fungicides (Tebucon/Teb/Toledo/Viathon) within 35 days before harvest.
6 Under low and moderate disease pressure.
7 Registered for bloom treatment only.
8 Dormant treatments and/or delayed dormant
9 Tested only under low disease pressure.
PISTACHIO: TREATMENT TIMING
|
Disease |
Dormant |
Bloom/terminal shoot ½-1 inch.(April) |
Succulent shoot growth /before shell lignification (May) |
Early Fruit development /after shell lignification (June)1 |
Fruit development/ kernel development (July) |
Fruit maturation (August)2 |
|
Alternaria3 |
0 |
0 |
0- |
3 |
31 |
1? |
|
Botryosphaeria4 |
1?5 |
36 |
36 |
3 |
3 |
1? |
|
Botrytis |
0 |
3 |
17 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Rating: 3 = most effective, 2 = moderately effective, 1 = least effective, and 0 = ineffective
1 If only one application is done, the best timing is late June to early July.
2 Sprays not later than the first week in August.
3 Three applications during the season are recommended.
4 Treat once at bloom when the terminals on female trees are 1-2 inches long. Begin summer applications in late May or early June. Treat at 2- to 3-week intervals until mid-August. For resistance management, do not apply consecutive applications of any strobilurin (Abound, Flint Extra, or Cabrio) or strobilurin-containing fungicides (Pristine, Luna Sensation), and make no more than two applications of a strobilurin or strobilurin-containing fungicide per season.
5 Liquid lime sulfur: some efficacy in some trials, whereas no efficacy in other trials.
6Early season sprays timed before and/or after rains are effective timings in April and May.
7 Protect young clusters if rain and cool weather occurs.