FUNGICIDES LISTED BY CHEMICAL CLASS:  Bactericides, Biologicals, Natural Compounds, Elements, and SARs

• ANTIBIOTICS‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity	FRAC Code
  Ag Streptomycin	streptomycin	Makhteshim Agan	systemic	25
  AgriMycin	streptomycin	NuFarm	systemic	25
  FireLine	oxytetracycline, terramycin	AgroSource, Inc./Advan LLC	contact	41
  FireWall	streptomycin	AgroSource, Inc./Advan LLC	systemic	25
  Kasumin	kasugamycin	UPL OpenAg	systemic	24
  Mycoshield	oxytetracycline	NuFarm	contact	41

  ‡ Some of the active ingredients or products listed in this table may not be registered as pesticides or may have had their registration withdrawn. Check with your state pesticide regulatory agency to verify that applications are made in accordance with state and federal laws and regulations.

  Mode of action: all are protein synthesis inhibitors but with specifically different modes of action.

  Resistance risk: high

  Growth effects: inhibits protein production and growth.

• BIOLOGICALS‡ - microorganisms (bacteria and fungi)

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity	FRAC Code
  Aviv	Bacillus subtilis IAB/BS03	Summit Agro, USA	contact	BM 02
  Actinovate AG	Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108	Natural Industries, Inc.	contact	BM 02
  AQ10	Ampelomyces quisqualis M-10	Ecogen Inc.	contact	BM 02
  Agriphage-Fireblight	bacteriophage	Certis USA, L.L.C.	contact	BM 02
  Arabesque	Muscodor albus QST 20799	Bayer CropScience	contact	BM 02
  BlightBan	Pseudomonas fluorescens A506	J.R. Simplot/Plant Health Tech.	contact	BM 02
  Bio-Tam 2.0	Trichoderma asperellum (ICC 012), T. gamsii (ICC 080)	Isagro USA	contact	BM 02
  Bloomtime Biological FD	Pantoea agglomerans	Northwest Ag Prod.	contact	BM 02
  Blossom Protect	Aureobasidium pullulans DSM 14940; DSM 14941	Westbridge Ltd.	contact	BM 02
  Botector	Aureobasidium pullulans DSM 14940; DSM 14941	Westbridge Ltd.	contact	BM 02
  Botry-Zen	Ulocladium oudemansii U3	BotryZen Ltd.	contact	BM 02
  CR-7	Clonostachys rosea CR-7	BVT	contact	BM 02
  Double Nickel 55	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D747	Certis USA, L.L.C.	contact	BM 02
  Howler	Pseudomonas chlororaphis AFS009	AgBiome Innovations	contact	BM 02
  LifeGard	Bacillus mycoides J	Certis USA, L.L.C.	systemic	BM 02, P 06
  Plant Shield HC	Trichoderma harzianum T-22	BioWorks, Inc.	contact	BM 02
  Serenade	Bacillus subtilis QST 713	Bayer CropScience	contact	BM 02
  Serifel	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MBI 600	BASF Corp.	contact	BM 02
  Sonata	Bacillus pumilis QST 2808	Bayer CropScience	contact	BM 02
  Taegro	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB24	Syngenta Crop Protection	contact	BM 02
  Theia	Bacillus subtilis AFS032321	AgBiome Innovations	contact	BM 02
  Vintec	Trichoderma atroviride SC1	AMVAC Chemical Corp.	contact	BM 02

  ‡ Some of the active ingredients or products listed in this table may not be registered as pesticides or may have had their registration withdrawn. Check with your state pesticide regulatory agency to verify that applications are made in accordance with state and federal laws and regulations.

  Mode of action: Possible mechanisms: antibiosis, antagonism, mycoparasitism, and/or site exclusion

  Resistance risk: low

  Growth effects: growth inhibition of pathogen by antibiosis, antagonism, or mycoparasitism.

• NATURAL COMPOUNDS/OILS/INORGANIC SALTS‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity	FRAC Code
  All-Phase	potassium sorbate and sodium lauryl sulfate	Circadian Crop Sciences	contact	NC
  Aleo	garlic oil	Brandt Consolidated, Inc.	contact	BM 01
  Armicarb	sodium bicarbonate	Helena Chemical Co.	contact	NC
  Armour-Zen	chitosan	BotryZen	systemic	P-unspecified
  B-Lock	boric acid and latex paint	Nutrient Technologies	contact	NC/paint
  Bac-Stop	clove, rosemary, peppermint and thyme oils	Gree                 MarVista Resources	contact	BM 01
  Cinnacure	cinnamaldehyde	ProGuard IncP     Pro-Guard, Inc.	contact	BM 01
  Cinnerate	cinnamon oil+ potassium oleate	Sym Agro	contact	BM 01
  Citrox BC	plant extract	Citrox Limited	contact	BM 01
  Dart	capric/caprylic acid	Westbridge Ltd.	contact	BM 01
  EcoSwing	Swinglea glutinosa	Gowan Company	contact	BM 01
  EF400	clove, rosemary, peppermint oils	USAgriTech, Inc.	contact	BM 01
  Gargoil	cinnamon oil and garlic	Westbridge Ltd.	contact	BM 01
  JMS Stylet Oil	mineral oil	JMS Flower Farms	contact	oil
  Kaligreen	potassium bicarbonate	Toagosei/UPL OpenAg	contact	NC
  Metalosate Calcium	calcium metalosate	Albion Laboratories	contact	NC
  Metalosate Potassium	potassium metalosate	Albion Laboratories	contact	NC
  Mevalone	essential oils	K&NE Earth Matters	contact	BM 01
  Milstop	potassium bicarbonate	BioWorks	contact	NC
  M-Pede Insecticidal Soap	potassium salts	Dow AgroSciences	contact	NC
  Omni Supreme	low range oil	Helena Chemical	contact	oil
  Prev-am	sodium tetraborohydrate	ORO Agri. Inc.	contact	NC
  ProAlexin	plant extract	Citrox Limited	systemic	BM 01
  ProBLAD Verde	Lupinus albus	Sym Agro	contact	BM 01
  Procidic	citric acid	Greenspire Global, Inc.	contact	BM 01
  Purespray	mineral oil	PetroCanada	contact	oil
  Quiponin	Quillaja saponaria	Nor-Natur	contact	BM 01
  Regalia	Reynoutria sachalinensis	Marrone Bio Innovations	contact	BM 01, P 05
  Saf-T-Side, Omni Supr.	petroleum oil	Brandt Consolidated, Inc.	contact	oil
  Sporan EC2	plant oils	KeyPlex	contact	BM 01
  Sporatec	natural oil blend	Brandt Consolidated, Inc.	contact	BM 01
  Thymox Control	thyme oil	Kemin Industries, Inc.	contact	BM 01
  Timorex (Act, Gold)	tea tree oil	Summit Agro, USA	contact	BM 01
  Trilogy, Terraneem, Rango	neem oil/cold pressed neem oil	Certis USA/Terramera	contact	BM 01
  Vitiseal	essential oils	Emerson	contact	BM 01

  ‡ Some of the active ingredients or products listed in this table may not be registered as pesticides. Check with your state pesticide regulatory agency to verify that applications are made in accordance with state and federal laws and regulations.

  Mode of action: various

  Resistance risk: low

  Growth effects: various

• MINERALS‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Copper and sulfur	various	various	contact

  ‡ Some of the active ingredients or products listed in this table may not be registered as pesticides or may have had their registration withdrawn. Check with your state pesticide regulatory agency to verify that applications are made in accordance with state and federal laws and regulations.
  Mode of action: both are multi-site inhibitors: copper = FRAC¹ Code M1; sulfur = FRAC¹ Code M2
  copper inactivates numerous enzyme systems; sulfur inhibits respiration
  Resistance risk: low
  Growth effects: inhibits spore germination: sulfur also inhibits mycelial growth of powdery mildews
  Sporulation: no effect

   

   

• SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE (SAR) STIMULATORS‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity	FRAC Code
  Actigard	acibenzolar-S-methyl	Syngenta Crop Protection	systemic	P 01
  Apogee	prohexadione calcium	BASF	systemic	--- (Growth Regulator)
  KeyPlex 350 DP	yeast extract	Morse Enterprises	systemic	BM 01, P 06
  LifeGard	Bacillus mycoides	Certis USA, L.L.C.	systemic effect	BM 02, P 06
  Messenger, Employ	harpin	Eden Bioscience	systemic	P unspecified
  Aliette, ProPhyt, others	Potassium phosphite	Bayer Crop Science, Luxemburg Industries Ltd.		33, P 07
  ProAlexin	plant host defense activator	Citrox Limited	systemic	P unspecified

  ‡ Some of the active ingredients or products listed in this table may not be registered as pesticides or may have had their registration withdrawn. Check with your state pesticide regulatory agency to verify that applications are made in accordance with state and federal laws and regulations.

  Mode of action: host resistance

  Resistance risk: unknown

  Growth effects: unknown

  Sporulation: unknown

• ELEMENTS‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity	FRAC Code
  Copper	various	various	contact	M1
  Sulfur	various	various	contact	M2
  Lime sulfur	various	various	contact	M2

  ‡ Some of the active ingredients or products listed in this table may not be registered as pesticides or may have had their registration withdrawn. Check with your state pesticide regulatory agency to verify that applications are made in accordance with state and federal laws and regulations.

  Mode of action: host resistance

  Resistance risk: unknown

  Growth effects: unknown

  Sporulation: unknown

FUNGICIDES LISTED BY CHEMICAL CLASS:
CONVENTIONAL CHEMISTRIES – sorted by FRAC Code (FC)

(Single Active Ingredients)‡
‡ Some of the active ingredients or products listed in this table may not be registered as pesticides or may have had their registration withdrawn. Check with your state pesticide regulatory agency to verify that applications are made in accordance with state and federal laws and regulations.

• METHYL BENZIMIDAZOLE CARBAMATES (MBC) (FC 1)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Mertect, Alumni***	thiabendazole (TBZ)	Syngenta Crop Protection	systemic (local)
  Cercobin	thiophanate-methyl	FMC Corp.	systemic (local)
  T-Methyl	thiophanate-methyl	UPL OpenAg	systemic (local)
  Topsin-M	thiophanate-methyl	UPL OpenAg	systemic (local)
  Incognito	thiophanate-methyl	ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd.	systemic (local)

  ***Postharvest use only

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 1; single-site inhibitors that interfere with β-tubulin assembly and mitosis (nuclear division disruption)

  Resistance risk: high; levels of resistant populations do not decline in the absence of fungicide use; to reduce the risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides with different mode-of-action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number of applications per season.

  Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth

  Sporulation: inhibits

• DICARBOXIMIDES (FC 2)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Iprodione	iprodione	UPL OpenAg	systemic (local)
  Meteor	iprodione	UPL OpenAg	systemic (local)
  Nevado	iprodione	ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd.	systemic (local)
  Rovral	iprodione	FMC Corp.	systemic (local)

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 2; osmotic signal transduction (MAP / histidine kinase (os-1, Daf1)

  Resistance risk: low with low frequency of application; none reported in California; where resistance occurs, no crop losses reported on stone fruits; resistant populations are less fit and decline in absence of fungicide use.

  Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth and to a lesser extent spore germination

  Sporulation: inhibits

• DEMETHYLATION (ERGOSTEROL OR STEROL BIOSYNTHESIS) INHIBITORS (DMI OR SBI) (FC 3)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Sub-class	Company	Activity
  Bayleton	triadimefon	Triazole	Taminco	systemic (local)
  Bumper	propiconazole	Triazole	ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd.	systemic (local)
  Cevya, Provysol	mefentrifluconazole	Triazole	BASF	systemic (local)
  Deccocil***	imazalil	Imidazole	UPL Open Ag	systemic (local)
  Elite	tebuconazole	Triazole	Bayer CropScience	systemic (local)
  Fungaflor***	imazalil	Imidazole	Janssen Pharmaceutica	systemic (local)
  Indar (Enable)	fenbuconazole	Triazole	Dow AgroSciences	systemic (local)
  Inspire	difenoconazole	Triazole	Syngenta Crop Protection	systemic (local)
  Laguna	difenoconazole	Triazole	Wilbur-Ellis Co.	systemic (local)
  Marazo	propiconazole	Triazole	AgBiome Innovations	systemic (local)
  Mentor***	propiconazole	Triazole	Syngenta Crop Protection	systemic (local)
  Mettle	tetraconazole	Triazole	Sipcam Agro USA	systemic (local)
  Miresa	tebuconazole	Triazole	AgBiome Innovations	systemic (local)
  Orius	tebuconazole	Triazole	ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd.	systemic (local)
  Perissim	tetraconazole	Triazole	AgBiome Innovations	systemic (local)
  Procure,Viticure	triflumizole	Imidazole	UPL OpenAg	systemic (local)
  Propiconazole	propiconazole	Triazole	Adama	systemic (local)
  Propicure	propiconazole	Triazole	Direct AgSource	systemic (local)
  Quash	metconazole	Triazole	Valent USA	systemic (local)
  Rally (Laredo)	myclobutanil	Triazole	Dow AgroSciences	systemic (local)
  Rubigan,Vintage	fenarimol	Pyrimidine	Gowan Co.	systemic (local)
  Toledo	tebuconazole	Triazole	Rotam North America	systemic (local)
  Teb	tebuconazole	Triazole	Willowood, Inc.	systemic (local)
  Tebucon	tebuconazole	Triazole	Repar Corp.	systemic (local)
  Tebuzol	tebuconazole	Triazole	UPL OpenAg	systemic (local)
  Tilt	propiconazole	Triazole	Syngenta Crop Protection	systemic (local)
  Rhyme	flutriafol	Triazole	FMC Corp.	systemic (local)

  ***Postharvest use on fruit only.

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 3; single-site inhibitors; inhibit demethylation and other processes in sterol biosynthesis; most are absorbed quickly and move up but not down in the plant; all have little effect on spore germination, but interfere with other early developmental processes; all inhibit mycelial growth and may stop lesions from sporulating; many have "kick-back" activity against brown rot, rust, perhaps scab, and apple and pear scab. Systemic action was determined in leaves of annual plants. The requisite tests using radioactive labeled compounds on flowers, fruit, and leaves of tree crops have not been conducted.

  Resistance risk: high

  Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth

  Sporulation: suppresses

• PHENYLAMIDES (FC 4)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Mefenoxam	mefenoxam	ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd.	contact, systemic
  Metalaxyl	metalaxyl	ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd.	contact, systemic
  Ridomil Gold	mefenoxam	Syngenta Crop Protection	contact, systemic

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 4; interferes with activity of a nuclear RNA polymerase I.

  Resistance risk: high; to reduce the risk of resistance development start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number of application per season.

  Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth, sporangial development, and zoospore viability

  Sporulation: reduces

• SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE INHIBITORS (SDHIs) (FC 7)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Adepidyn, Miravis	pydiflumetofen	Syngenta Crop Protection	contact
  Aprovia	benzovindiflupyr	Syngenta Crop Protection	contact
  Endura	boscalid	BASF	contact
  Fontelis	penthiopyrad	Corteva Agriscience	contact
  Indiflin,  Excalia*	inpyrfluxam	Valent USA	contact
  Kenja	isofetamid	Summit Agro, USA	contact
  Luna Privilege, Velum One	fluopyram	Bayer CropScience	contact
  F4406-1*	fluindapyr	FMC Corp.	contact
  Xemium	fluxapyroxad	BASF	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 7; single-site; blocks respiration by interfering with complex II (succinate dehydrogenase). Several sub-Codes have different activity and resistance potential. Examples include: pyridine-carboxamides (boscalid), pyrazole-4-carboxamides (penthiopyrad, fluxapyroxad, isopyrazam), and pyridinyl-ethyl benzamides (fluopyram).

  Resistance risk: high

  Growth effects: reduced mycelial growth

  Sporulation: unknown

  * Registration pending in California

• ANILINOPYRIMIDINES (AP) (FC 9)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Penbotec (Pyrimethanil)***	pyrimethanil	Janssen Pharmaceutica (Dist. by Cerexagri, Pace International, JBT, etc.)	slightly systemic (on most crops)
  Scala	pyrimethanil	Bayer CropScience	slightly systemic (on most crops)
  Vangard	cyprodinil	Syngenta Crop Protection	slightly systemic (on most crops)

  ***Postharvest use only

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 9; single-site, methionine biosynthesis inhibitor (protein disruption); has "kick-back" activity against apple and pear scab and stone fruit fungi.

  Resistance risk: high; to reduce the risk of resistance development start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number of applications per season.

  Growth effects: APs inhibits mycelial growth and suppresses spore germination. More effective in spring (lower temperatures) than summer (higher temperatures)

  Sporulation: no effect

• STROBILURINS or QUINONE INSIDE INHIBITORS (QoIs) (FC 11)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Abound	azoxystrobin	Syngenta Crop Protection	contact and systemic
  Aproach	picoxystrobin	Corteva Agriscience	contact and systemic
  Cabrio,Headline	pyraclostrobin	BASF	contact and systemic
  Dexter	azoxystrobin	UPL OpenAg	contact and systemic
  Evito	fluoxastrobin	UPL OpenAg	contact and systemic
  Flint Extra	trifloxystrobin	Bayer CropScience	contact and systemic
  Intuity	mandestrobin	Valent USA	contact and systemic
  Mazolin	azoxystrobin	AgBiome Innovations	contact and systemic
  Sovran	kresoxim methyl	FMC Corp.	contact and systemic

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 11; single-site; blocks respiration by interfering with cytochrome bc1 (ubiquinol oxidase) at Qo site.

  Resistance risk: high; to reduce the risk of resistance development start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number of applications per season.

  Growth effects: inhibits spore germination

  Sporulation: no effect

• PHENYLPYRROLES (FC 12)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Scholar***	fludioxonil	Syngenta Crop Protection	contact (except cherry-systemic)
  PacRite FDL***	fludioxonil	Pa5ce International	contact (except cherry-systemic)
  Cannonball WG	fludioxonil	Syngenta Crop Protection	contact

  ***Postharvest use only

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 12; single-site; interferes with regulatory enzymes of oxidation and osmotic signal transduction (MAP / histidine kinase (os-2, HOG-1)).

  Resistance risk: high

  Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth and germination

  Sporulation: reduces

• QUINOLINES (FC 13)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Quintec	quinoxyfen	Gowan	contact
  Talendo	proquidazid	Corteva Agriscience	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 13; probably single-site inhibitor; disrupts early cell signaling events (signal transduction).

  Resistance risk: medium

  Growth effects: suppresses spore germination, early germ tube development and/or appressorium formation

  Sporulation: no effect

• AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (FC 14)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Botran, (Allisan)1	dicloran	Gowan	Contact/systemic?

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 14; mechanism unclear, but lipid peroxidation (disruption of membrane integrity) was proposed. Mostly a contact fungicide for protecting wounds on fruit; uptake by roots in lettuce and tomato.

  Resistance risk: medium

  Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth, little effect on spore germination

  Sporulation: little effect

  ¹- Allisan was for postharvest use only - label changed to Botran Flowable

• HYDROXYANILIDES (FC 17)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Elevate	fenhexamid	UPL OpenAg	contact
  Protexio	fenpyrazamine	Valent USA	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 17; unknown, probably single-site and related to sterol biosynthesis inhibition.

  Resistance risk: high; to reduce the risk of resistance development start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number of applications per season.

  Growth effects: inhibits spore germination and mycelial growth

  Sporulation: no effect

• POLYOXINS (FC 19)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Ph-D,  Endorse	polyoxin-D	UPL OpenAg	contact
  Oso	polyoxin-D	Certis USA	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 19; single-site inhibitor of chitin synthase (disruption of cell wall biosynthesis).

  Resistance risk: medium

  Growth effects: inhibits spore germination and mycelial growth.

  Sporulation: no effect

• QUINONE INSIDE INHIBITORS (FC 21)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Ranman	cyazofamid	Summit Agro USA (ISK)	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 21; single-site inhibitor; blocks respiration by interfering with cytochrome bc1 (ubiquinol oxidase) at Qi site.

  Resistance risk: medium-high

  Growth effects: suppresses spore germination, early germ tube development and/or appressorium formation.

  Sporulation: no effect

• THIAZOLE CARBOXAMIDE (FC 22)

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Elumin, Intego Solo	ethaboxam	Valent USA	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 22; single-site; blocks β-tubulin assembly in mitosis.

  Resistance risk: low to medium

  Growth effects: reduced mycelial growth

  Sporulation: unknown

• DINITROANILINES (FC 29)

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Lektivar	fluazinam	AgBiome Innovations	contact
  Omega	fluazinam	Syngenta	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 29; single-site; uncouples oxidative phosphorylation.

  Resistance risk: low

  Growth effects: reduced mycelial growth

  Sporulation: unknown

• PHOSPHONATES (FC P07/33)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Aliette	fosetyl-aluminum	Bayer CropScience	systemic
  Fungi-Phite	potassium phosphite	Plant Protectants, LLC	systemic
  K-Phite	polyphosphite	Plant Food Systems, Inc.	systemic
  Legion	fosetyl-aluminum	ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd.	systemic
  Linebacker	fosetyl-aluminum	Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc. (NovaSource)	systemic
  ProPhyt	potassium phosphite	Helena Chemical Company	systemic

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code P07/33; reports indicate variable effects on both plant and organism physiology.

  Resistance risk: medium (resistance detected in some crops)

  Growth effects: may inhibit phosphorus deficiency signaling in the plant and fungus; direct toxicity in inhibiting mycelial growth.

  Sporulation: suppresses sporulation of Phytophthora spp.

  Note: K-phite is reported to be active against fungal and bacterial diseases (e.g., Xanthomonas spp,) at higher rates registered than other phosphonates, and is compatible with copper.

• CARBOXYLIC ACID AMIDES (FC 40)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Revus	mandipropamid	Syngenta Crop Protection	contact, systemic

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 40; interferes with cellulose synthase and cell wall biosynthesis

  Resistance risk: high; to reduce the risk of resistance development start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number of applications per eason.

  Growth effects: inhibits conidial germination and mycelial growth

  Sporulation: reduces

• BENZAMIDES (FC 43)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Presidio	fluopicolide	Valent (Bayer CropScience)	systemic (local)

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 43; delocalization of cellular spectrin-like proteins resulting in disruption of cell division.

  Resistance risk: high; the fungicide should be used following FRAC guidelines and used in mixtures and rotations with other fungicides effective against target plant pathogens; to reduce the risk of resistance development, start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), and limit the total number of applications per season (less than 4).

  Growth effects: inhibition of mycelial growth, and lysis of zoospores.

  Sporulation: inhibits

   

• TERPENE HYDROCARBONS (FC 46)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Timorex (Act, Gold)	tea tree oil	Summit Agro USA	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 46; cell membrane disruption.
  Resistance risk: low
  Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth.
  Sporulation: no effect 

   

• POLYENE MACROLIDE (FC 48)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  BioSpectra/Zivion S	natamycin	Pace International/DSM	contact
  Cerafruta	natamycin	Ceradis	contact
  Uniguard	natamycin	Janssen PMP	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 48; ergosterol binder, inhibiting transport membrane proteins from functioning properly.

  Resistance risk: low

  Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth.

  Sporulation: no effect

   

• PIPERIDINYL-THIAZOLE-ISOXAZOLINES (FC 49)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Orondis	oxathiapiprolin	Syngenta Crop Protection	Contact (fruit) / local systemic (roots)
  To be announced	fluoxapiprolin	Bayer CropScience	Contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 49; oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) inhibition.

  Resistance risk: high

  Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth.

  Sporulation: inhibits sporangia, oospore, and chlamydospore formation

• BENZOPHENONE (FC 50)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Vivando	metrafenone	BASF	contact
  Prolivo	pyriofenone	Summit Agro USA (ISK)	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 50 (formerly U8); single-site; proposed mechanism is actin disruption.

  Resistance risk: high?; to reduce the risk of resistance development start treatments with a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers for subsequent applications, use labeled rates (preferably the upper range), follow protective application schedule, and limit the total number of applications per season.

  Growth effects: abnormal spore germination, appressorium formation, and secondary hyphal growth (prevents plant infection).

  Sporulation: inhibition of spore formation occurs if mycelium on leaf surfaces is treated.

   

• Copper (FC M1)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Various	copper	various	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code M1; multi-site inhibitor that complexes with enzymes resulting in cellular disruption.

  Resistance risk: low in fungi

  Growth effects: inhibits spore germination and fungal growth

  Sporulation: no effect

• Sulfur (FC M2)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Various	sulfur	various	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code M2; multi-site inhibitor that forms sulfuric acid when mixed with water.

  Resistance risk: low in fungi

  Growth effects: inhibits spore germination and fungal growth

  Sporulation: contact disruptor

• DITHIOCARBAMATES AND RELATIVES (FC M3)‡ CARBAMATES

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Ethylene bisdithiocarbamates (EBDC)
  Dithane (coordinated product)	mancozeb	Dow AgroSciences	contact
  Manzate (coordinated product)	mancozeb	Corteva Agriscience	contact
  Penncozeb (coordinated product)	mancozeb	UPL OpenAg	contact
  Dimethyl dithiocarbamates (DMDC)
  Ferbam**	ferbam	Taminco	contact
  Thiram	thiram	Taminco	contact
  Ziram	ziram	UPL OpenAg	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code M3; multi-site inhibitors that complex with enzymes probably inhibiting respiration.

  Resistance risk: low

  Growth effects: inhibits spore germination

  Sporulation: no effect

  ** Not registered, label withdrawn or inactive in California.

• PHTHALIMIDES (FC M4)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Captan	captan	various	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code M4; multi-site inhibitor that complexes with enzymes probably inhibiting respiration.

  Resistance risk: low

  Growth effects: inhibits spore germination

  Sporulation: no effect

• CHLORONITRILES (FC M5)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Bravo	chlorothalonil	Syngenta Crop Protection	contact
  Chlorothalonil	chlorothalonil	UPL OpenAg	contact
  Echo	chlorothalonil	Sipcam Agro USA	contact
  Equus	chlorothalonil	ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd.	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code M5; multi-site inhibitor affecting various enzymes and other metabolic processes.

  Resistance risk: low

  Growth effects: inhibits spore germination

  Sporulation: unknown

HOST PLANT DEFENCE INDUCTION

• PHOSPHONATES (FC P07/33)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Aliette	fosetyl-aluminum	Bayer CropScience	systemic
  Fungi-Phite	potassium phosphite	Plant Protectants, LLC	systemic
  K-Phite	polyphosphite	Plant Food Systems, Inc.	systemic
  Legion	fosetyl-aluminum	ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd.	systemic
  Linebacker	fosetyl-aluminum	Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc. (NovaSource)	systemic
  ProPhyt	potassium phosphite	Helena Chemical Company	systemic

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code P07 (formerly FC P07,33); reports indicate variable effects on both plant and organism physiology.

  Resistance risk: medium (resistance detected in some crops)

  Growth effects: may inhibit phosphorus deficiency signaling in the plant and fungus; direct toxicity in inhibiting mycelial growth.

  Sporulation: suppresses sporulation of Phytophthora spp.

  Note: K-phite is reported to be active against fungal and bacterial diseases (e.g., Xanthomonas spp,) at higher rates registered than other phosphonates, and is compatible with copper.

• TERPENE HYDROCARBONS (FC BM 01)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Timorex Act, Timorex Gold	tea tree oil	Summit Agro USA	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code 46; cell membrane disruption.

  Resistance risk: low

  Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth.

  Sporulation: no effect

UNKNOWN MODES OF ACTION

• Phenyl-Acetamides (FC U6)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Torino	cyflufenamid	Gowan	contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code U6; unknown mechanism.

• GUANIDINES (FC U12)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Syllit	dodine	UPL OpenAg.	systemic (local)

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code U12; membrane disruption.

  Resistance risk: high

• THIAZOLIDINES (FC U13)‡

  Trade name	Common name	Company	Activity
  Gatten	flutianil	Nichino America	Mostly contact

  Mode of action: FRAC¹ Code U13; unknown.

  Resistance risk: high